EcoChic Fairtrade

EcoChic is passionate about assuring that are Fairtrade products are genuine Fairtrade ones and sources all our range from accredited suppliers who hold the Fairtrade Mark, SA8000 certification, IFAT or BAFTS accreditation. Although a lengthy article, we thought it useful to outline the Fairtrade Foundation’s position on the Fairtrade mark and certifying organic cotton.

This paper has been taken courtesy of the Fairtrade Foundations Website: www.fairtrade.org.uk

The FAIRTRADE Mark & Guide for Certification of Cotton Products

CONTENTS

1. Introduction

2. Fairtrade Labelling
2.1. What is Fair Trade?
2.2. Roles and Responsibilities in Fairtrade Labelling
2.3. Fairtrade Standards
2.4. Product Certification
2.5. Fairtrade in the UK market

3. Fairtrade Certified Cotton
3.1. Why the Fairtrade Mark on cotton products?
3.2. Supply Chain Monitoring
3.3. Social Compliance

4. Licensing the FAIRTRADE Mark
4.1. Licence Fee for use of the FAIRTRADE Mark
4.2. Use of the FAIRTRADE Mark
4.3. Composite Product Policy

5. International sales of Fairtrade certified products

6. Developing new Fairtrade certified products

7. Common Confusions

8. Useful Contacts
1. Introduction
Since its launch in 1994, the FAIRTRADE Mark has become established as a credible, independent consumer guarantee for products that help producers in developing countries get a better deal from international trade.

Fairtrade labelling is an international system of standards for producers that guarantees fairer terms of trade for their goods and ensures farmers and workers in some of the poorest countries in the world can build a more sustainable future. Over 5 million people in these countries are benefiting from increasing sales of Fairtrade certified products in 20 national markets across Europe, North America and Australasia.

The FAIRTRADE Mark currently appears on a range of food products including coffee, tea, cocoa, fresh fruit, juice, honey, wine, dried fruit, nuts and sugar and non-food products such as flowers and sports balls. The Mark can also be found on multi-ingredient products in accordance with our Composite Product Policy. The range of Fairtrade certified products (products carrying the FAIRTRADE Mark) is growing all the time and standards for new categories will be introduced on a regular basis over the next few years.

Since 1997, retail sales of Fairtrade certified products in the U.K. have been growing by an average of 50% p.a. and are now running at over £140 million a year. Latest figures from MORI (Marketing and Opinion Research International) have revealed that one in every two adults in the UK now recognises the FAIRTRADE Mark. Fairtrade coffee now accounts for over 18% of the total UK market for roast and ground coffee and Fairtrade bananas for 5% of the total UK banana market.
2. Fairtrade Labelling
2.1 What is Fair Trade?
The roots of the fair trade movement can be traced back for at least 30 years and in that time it has developed into a world-wide network of organisations seeking to relieve the causes of poverty by tackling some of the injustices of world trade. Traditionally such organisations have been development projects or community enterprises that were established to assist people in disadvantaged communities earn a more sustainable livelihood through export trade.

Because different people have different problems, these organisations developed a variety of operating models to achieve their objectives, but all share common principles of empowering producers to improve their own lives and enabling consumers to use their purchasing power to challenge the injustices within world trade.

Fairtrade labelling builds on the work of these pioneering “alternative traders” by defining standards and operating a certification scheme that enables supplying and retailing businesses to participate in Fairtrade. The first labelling initiative was set up for coffee by the Max Havelaar Foundation in the Netherlands in 1988. Other national labels were set up over the next few years and standards were developed for other products. In 1997, seventeen of these organisations joined together to form Fairtrade Labelling Organisations International (FLO) as an umbrella organisation to control the standards and to certify producer organisations.

2.2 Roles & Responsibilities in Fairtrade Labelling
The Fairtrade Foundation is the UK member of FLO, the umbrella organisation for Fairtrade labelling which is responsible for working with over 508 producer organisations in 58 developing countries representing 5 million people - farmers, workers and their dependents. FLO:
• Sets international Fairtrade producer standards and the terms of trade for Fairtrade certified products
• Facilitates and developing Fairtrade business
• Liaises with Fairtrade certified producers to assist in strengthening their organisations and improve their production and market access
• Conducts lobbying and advocacy - promoting the case for trade justice.

In the interests of ensuring efficiency and transparency, all certification is carried out by FLO Cert Ltd, a separate legal entity. FLO Cert is the world’s largest social certifier and is responsible for:
• Inspecting and certifying production according to the defined Fairtrade standards
• Monitoring the trade in primary and semi-finished products to ensure compliance.

The international FLO Mark is now established in 20 countries (Austria, Australia and New Zealand, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, U.K., U.S.A) The national labelling organisations in each of these countries -
• License Fairtrade labels for use on specific products
• Monitor the supply chains of Fairtrade certified products
• Help companies develop new Fairtrade certified products
• Work with others to raise consumer awareness and support

2.3 Fairtrade Standards
Producer standards apply to organisations representing farmers and workers and ensure that such organisations are:
• Democratic and accountable to their members
• Capable of ensuring compliance with social and economic criteria and committed to a programme of ongoing improvement
• Able to administer Fairtrade premiums for the benefit of their members.
Producer standards also ensure:
• Respect for basic human rights as defined in International Labour Organisation conventions
• Decent wages and employment conditions for employed workers
• Ongoing improvements in worker health & safety and environmental protection by control and reduction of chemical inputs.
Fairtrade product standards require buyers to:
• Pay a guaranteed price covering the sustainable cost of production
• Help develop more direct and transparent supply chains
• Commit to long-term relationships with producers.
2.4 Product Certification
The FAIRTRADE Mark is licensed for use on specific products that meet international Fairtrade standards. Some companies sell only Fairtrade certified products, while others offer one or more Fairtrade lines within a larger product offering. It is therefore important to remember that it is the FAIRTRADE Mark on the product that denotes the product is Fairtrade certified, not the brand name or the supplier.
Currently, Fairtrade standards apply to the following product categories:

Food Products:

1. Bananas
2. Cocoa
3. Coffee
4. Dried Fruit
5. Fresh Fruit & Fresh Vegetables
6. Honey
7. Juices and Purees
8. Nuts/Oil Seeds
9. Quinoa
10. Rice
11. Spices and Herbs
12. Sugar
13. Tea
14. Wine

Non-Food Products:

1. Seed Cotton
2. Cut Flowers
3. Ornamental Plants
4. Sports Balls

As well as single ingredient products, many also appear in composite products that are licensed in accordance with our Composite Product Policy.

2.5 Fairtrade in the UK Market
The Fairtrade Foundation is the UK national member of FLO. The Foundation was established in 1994 by five leading development agencies (Oxfam, Christian Aid, CAFOD, World Development Movement and Traidcraft Exchange). All our member organisations and their supporters help to increase awareness of the FAIRTRADE Mark through events such as the annual Fairtrade Fortnight campaign, which also involves the participation of many other organisations who share our vision.

The Foundation collaborates with Fairtrade certified product suppliers, with national retailers and many wholesalers to promote Fairtrade at the point-of-sale. Our Press Office is successful in encouraging press and broadcast media to highlight the problems facing producers and the ways in which Fairtrade benefits them. Research has shown that both media coverage and point-of-sale activity are particularly successful in reaching new consumers and have contributed to the growing public awareness and understanding of the FAIRTRADE Mark which now stands at over 50% (MORI survey, May 2005).

A wide range of materials including posters, leaflets, point of sale, promotional merchandise and our “Fair Comment” newsletter are available from the Fairtrade Foundation. You may also be interested to find out more about the Fairtrade Town and Cities Initiative - with over 120 towns across the UK now having ‘Fairtrade’ status and 250 working towards it. Further information is available at www.fairtrade.org.uk.
3. Fairtrade Certified Cotton
3.1 Why the Fairtrade Mark for Cotton Products?
Across both food and non-food products, the Fairtrade Foundation and the FAIRTRADE Mark aims to make more visible in consumer’s minds the importance of raw commodities, the many livelihoods dependent on them and the origins of the final products that they buy. The FAIRTRADE Mark not only assures consumers that the products meet Fairtrade standards but also protects companies who invest in meeting these standards from being “undercut” by less rigorous schemes and those that are not independently monitored.

 

FLO and its members have been working for several years towards the launch of products made with Fairtrade certified cotton that can carry the independent FAIRTRADE Mark. The aim of Fairtrade certification is to improve the situation of the farmers at the very bottom of supply chains, and we recognise that cotton farmers like the many other agricultural commodity producers we work with, are at the sharp end of exploitation and injustice in international trade.

Cotton has become a symbol of the inequalities of global agricultural trade - an important cash crop for many developing countries; as many as 100 million rural households are globally involved in cotton production with small scale cotton farmers increasingly at the mercy of falling and volatile world market prices. Compounded by the increasing support for domestic cotton sectors in countries such as the US (estimated $3-4 billion in 2002 - nearly twice the total US foreign aid given to Sub-Saharan Africa that year) disadvantaged cotton farmers in the developing world are facing immense hardship.

In recognition, the international Fairtrade standard for Seed Cotton was accepted by the FLO Board in 2004 (available on request or at www.fairtrade.net). Through its certification and labelling scheme, FLO and its members can apply this standard, audit products to ensure compliance and support brands by giving an independent guarantee to consumers that the cotton content of a final product is Fairtrade certified and those farmers have received a better deal.

Unlike many other commodity products, value is also added to cotton in developing countries through processing and manufacturing. It is recognised that Fairtrade certified cotton can usefully complement programmes to implement ethical codes and standards within other parts of the cotton and textile industry, which were developed as a result of campaigning on issues such as sweatshops and child labour. FLO and its members are currently researching the feasibility of a Fairtrade standard for textiles and certification at a garment making level that will enable those disadvantaged producers and workers to also benefit from Fairtrade labelling.
3.2 Supply Chain Monitoring
Neither FLO nor its members trade in Fairtrade products. Rather, their role is to certify products against Fairtrade standards and provide a robust and credible international certification system. To this end, the monitoring and audit process for Fairtrade labelling of cotton recognises a number of distinct actors.

 Producer - the seed cotton producing organisation is certified by FLO against Fairtrade Producer Standards. Besides meeting the minimum requirements, the farmer organisation receives the Fairtrade price (set Fairtrade Minimum Price per origin as defined in the FLO Standard for Seed Cotton plus Fairtrade Investment Premium). Through the progress requirements of the Standard, FLO also requires a farmer organisation to invest in economic, environmental and social development. All seed cotton farmer organisations are monitored and inspected by FLO and so need only one certification to supply to any of the 20 Fairtrade markets. Further information on producer certification can be found on the FLO website www.fairtrade.net and an application pack can be requested at certification@flo-cert.net.

 Processor/Exporter - participants in the trade of primary Fairtrade commodity between countries are registered by FLO to respect Fairtrade Trading Standards and maintain an auditable supply chain. The registered ginner (where separate from the certified producer organisation) is responsible for ensuring that the Fairtrade certified seed cotton has been bought from a certified producer within the specified terms of trade. Both of these elements must be in place for a final garment or product to be eligible to carry the FAIRTRADE Mark and to denote that it is made with Fairtrade certified cotton. Neither products bought from certified producers at conventional market price, nor products bought from non-certified producers, even at the Fairtrade price, can carry the FAIRTRADE Mark.

Further information on trader registration can be found on the FLO website www.fairtrade.net and an application pack can be requested at registration@flo-cert.net.

 Manufacturer - intermediary suppliers and traders who take legal ownership of the semi-finished product - including the spinner, knitter, weaver, dyer, CMT (and any importers if separate) are registered by FLO to respect Fairtrade Trading Standards and maintain an auditable supply chain. As all intermediary suppliers are registered by FLO, they are required to buy from registered traders or certified producers. All registered traders can buy from multiple producers and sell to multiple licensees under a single contract and reporting arrangement.

Further information on trader registration can be found on the FLO website www.fairtrade.net and an application pack can be requested at registration@flo-cert.net. See below for additional requirements for cotton traders only.
 Licensee/Retailer - brands and suppliers of finished products wishing to carry the FAIRTRADE Mark - to denote products are made with Fairtrade certified cotton - are required to apply for a licence from their relevant FLO National Initiative (in the UK the is the Fairtrade Foundation). A licensee has overall responsibility for compliance with Fairtrade standards and must ensure they buy from a registered supply chain. The licensee should be the last supplier in the wholesale supply chain - in the case of proprietary brands this will usually be the brand owner, while for private-label products the licence may be held by the brand owner or their immediate supplier. There can be only one licensee for any product and licensees sign just one contract with the Fairtrade Foundation that covers all their Fairtrade products sold in the U.K. A Licensee application pack can be requested from the Fairtrade Foundation at commercial@fairtrade.org.uk.

Not all products go through all of these stages, while some may have more than one processing stage. When a single company fulfils more than one of these roles - for example in a vertically integrated supply chain where one company owns a product from spinning to wholesale distribution - it will have a contractual and reporting relationship with both the Fairtrade Foundation and FLO.
3.3 Social Compliance
Due to the length, complexity and known concerns about exploitative working conditions in garment/textile supply chains, FLO and its national members require all registered traders of Fairtrade certified cotton to demonstrate efforts to comply with recognised international labour standards/national legislation and to improve working conditions. This includes, but is not limited to, ginners, spinners, dyers, knitters, weavers, cut/make/trim manufacturers and their sub-contractors. Cotton traders should submit evidence for efforts taken by their subcontractors where the subcontractor substantially processes the product (e.g. dyeing unit, knitter, weaver subcontracted by CMT manufacturer).

A Social Compliance Application Pack will be sent to all applicant Traders. Applications are assessed by the Cotton Social Assessment Committee and approval is needed before the applicant can become a registered trader with FLO and part of a supply chain for finished products bearing the international FAIRTRADE Mark.

Examples of ways in which a Cotton Trader may demonstrate to the Cotton Social Assessment Committee efforts undertaken to comply with recognised labour standards include:

 Membership of IFAT or other internationally recognised fair trade association
 Current certification by SA8000 Certification Body for the site which will be processing Fairtrade certified cotton
 Documentary evidence of active and participatory membership of a multi-stakeholder initiative (eg FWF, ETI, FLA etc) for the site that will be processing the Fairtrade cotton
 A third party audit report from an independent organisation showing compliance with a Code of Conduct which should cover the same criteria as the Model Code of Conduct enclosed in the pack
 Evidence of worker ownership of the production in the production site

This list is not exclusive and a Cotton Trader may choose to submit other relevant evidence to the Cotton Social Assessment Committee (please note that self-assessment will not be accepted).

4. Licensing the FAIRTRADE Mark
The international FAIRTRADE Mark is a registered trademark of FLO and the Fairtrade Foundation is authorised to license its use on finished products which are intended primarily for the UK market and are covered by a licensing contract. Finished products are eligible to carry the FAIRTRADE Mark, once a supply chain is fully certified and registered with FLO.

A licensee has overall responsibility for compliance with Fairtrade standards and must ensure they buy from a registered supply chain. Licensees are required by the Fairtrade Foundation to provide quarterly reports to verify their supply chain and the trading terms for labelled products. Most licensees are independently audited annually by a physical inspection.

4.1. Licence Fee for use of the FAIRTRADE Mark
The Fairtrade Labelling certification system is largely financed through fees paid by the final commercial operator in the supply chain, who pays a licence fee for use of the FAIRTRADE Mark on certified products. In the UK, the Fairtrade Foundation receives about 65% of its income from these fees and is responsible within the national market for:

• Verifying that product supply chains meet Fairtrade standards
• Developing the Fairtrade market through relationships with retailers and other business partners
• Raising awareness of the FAIRTRADE Mark among consumers
• Working with our partners in the international Fairtrade Labelling network to develop standards for new products
A proportion of our licence fee income is paid to FLO as the Foundation’s contribution to the costs of maintaining and developing the core services of the Fairtrade system (including standards, certification and producer services). The contribution is based on the UK’s market share of total Fairtrade sales across the 20 members of FLO and, as one of the largest members, the Foundation is a major contributor to FLO.
Each member of FLO sets their own licence fees and the Foundation works on a value-based levy for all products, applied at the last point of wholesale supply. The fee system has been reviewed several times since the Mark was introduced in 1994 (most recently at the end of 2004), and this arrangement has been found to be the most transparent, and simple to administer for both licensees and the Foundation. It has also enabled the Foundation to operate at one of the lowest fee levels of any country within the FLO system.
The Foundation’s policy on licence fees is to operate a system that is transparent and consistent, and that balances the need for the Foundation’s work to be adequately resourced with the objective of maximising market opportunities for Fairtrade producer organisations. It is therefore important that the fee is set at a realistic level but that it does not act as a barrier to entry or a disincentive to increase sales.

Licence Fee Rates:
From 1st April 2005, the following scale of licence fees will apply to the net invoiced value of certified products at the last point of wholesale supply, based on the licensee’s annual sales of products carrying the FAIRTRADE Mark in each calendar year:

Annual sales of Fairtrade certified products Licence Fee Payable
On the first £10 million of sales 1.8%
On sales between £10 and £20 million 1.4%
On all sales above £20 million 1.0%

This replaces the previous “flat-rate” licence fee of 2% and therefore represents a reduction for all licensees of at least 10%.

Reduced Rates of Licence Fees:
The Foundation offers licensees who, by applying the Mark to all products that they sell in categories covered by Fairtrade standards, demonstrate a significant and long-term commitment to Fairtrade, a reduction of 50% in the licence fee for use of the Mark.
The rationale for this reduction recognises the additional investment, over and above the minimum requirements of Fairtrade standards, made by companies committing their brand entirely to Fairtrade, in the following areas:

Producer Relations & Support (Supply Chain Management)
While the Fairtrade certification system enables all companies to participate in Fairtrade, by sourcing products from an open register of certified producer organisations and accredited exporters, importers and manufacturers, Fairtrade also encourages deeper engagement between producers and buyers. Along with a commitment to long-term equitable relationships, there is also a need for sharing of market information and assistance from buyers in developing the capacity of producer organisations, to achieve the objective of empowering producer organisations; and businesses that deal exclusively in Fairtrade products will engage in these activities as part of their core operations.
Market Communications
While the Fairtrade Foundation is primarily responsible for increasing consumer awareness of the Mark in Britain, licensees also have an important role to play in re-inforcing the Foundation’s messages and supporting the role of the Mark as the unique independent certification label for Fairtrade standards. Those licensees who fully commit to the Mark by applying it to all their products inevitably play the most prominent role in this. They also make it easier for the Foundation to highlight their brands as examples of products that consumers should look for, whereas this is more difficult when brands include only a small number of products certified by the Mark.
The Foundation recognises that many licensees who trade in both Fairtrade and conventional products also invest in both of the above areas but to incorporate this into the licence fee structure would be extremely difficult and expensive to monitor.
In most cases a decision as to whether a licensee qualifies for the reduced rate will be routine, but where it is not, advice will be taken from the Foundation’s independent Certification Committee. The main requirements for licensees applying for the reduced rate fee are shown below but as these involve some discretionary elements, the Foundation reserves the right to not grant the reduction to any licensee if, in its reasonable opinion, to do so would prejudice its reputation in any way or impair its relationships with other licensees.

Applying for the Reduced Rate:
Licensees who feel they qualify for the reduced rate should apply in writing (letter or e-mail) to the Head of Certification at the Fairtrade Foundation, indicating how they meet the requirements shown above, and their application will be considered by the Foundation within a month of the application.
The Certification Unit will acknowledge receipt of applications as soon as possible, and will keep licensees informed of its progress towards a decision. Further information to support the application may be requested by the Certification Unit at any stage.
Licensees will be informed of the decision within seven days of the application being considered. The reduced rate will apply from the start of the reporting quarter following the Committee’s decision to approve the application (1st January, April, June or October). However, for the introductory period of this concession, licensees submitting a successful application before 30th September 2005 and who can demonstrate that they met the requirements for the reduced rate for a longer period, will be charged the reduced rate from 1st April 2005 or from the date of the signing the licence agreement, whichever is the later.
Licensees wishing to appeal against a decision not to approve an application should contact the Head of Certification within 14 days of being notified of the decision.
Licensees who cease to qualify for the reduced rate should advise the Foundation as soon as they launch products that would invalidate their qualification. Licensees paying at the reduced rate will be monitored annually to verify that they still meet the requirements and should this monitoring identify a breach of the requirements that has not previously been notified to the Foundation, the reduced fee rate will be immediately withdrawn and the Foundation reserves the right to reclaim without time limit any reduced fee that the licensee may have claimed without proper entitlement.

4.2 Use of the FAIRTRADE Mark
The FAIRTRADE Mark offers an “on-pack” independent guarantee for retailers and consumers that a product meets international Fairtrade standards and contains Fairtrade certified cotton. All use of the FAIRTRADE Mark on packaging and promotional materials, must be to be done in accordance with the guidelines in the FAIRTRADE Mark Manual and must be approved by our FAIRTRADE Mark Co-ordinator (artwork@fairtrade.org.uk) in advance of a product launch. Swing tickets and stickers for outer packaging are available on request.

4.3 Composite Product Policy
In line with current composite product rules, all cotton used within a finished product must come from a Fairtrade certified source for the product to be eligible to carry the FAIRTRADE Mark. A blended textile product (using wool, elasthane, polyamide and other materials) must contain at least 50%Fairtrade certified cotton to be eligible to carry the FAIRTRADE Mark.
5. International Sales of Fairtrade Products
The international FAIRTRADE Mark, adopted in the UK from October 2002, enables Fairtrade certified products to be sold more easily across national borders. However, it will take some time for the International Mark to be adopted by all FLO members and systems to ensure adequate monitoring are still being developed. If you sell your products to overseas markets, the Fairtrade Foundation can ensure a side letter is added to your UK licence agreement that will cover your international sales and save you the burden of setting up individual contracts with each destination market.

6. Developing new Fairtrade certified products
For products covered by existing Fairtrade standards, the Fairtrade Foundation can assist companies in sourcing ingredients through certified suppliers, or by helping new suppliers to become certified for Fairtrade.
If you require lists of FLO certified Cotton Producers or FLO registered Cotton Traders that may be able to supply you then please contact the Fairtrade Foundation.
The Foundation is also taking a lead within the FLO network in developing new Fairtrade standards that will enable a much wider range of products to be labelled. We welcome enquiries from companies that are interested in working with Fairtrade in any capacity.

7. Common Confusions
 Ethical trade and Fairtrade
Both Ethical Trade and Fair Trade aim to bring real benefits to the lives of workers in developing countries. But they differ in the groups of producers and workers they target, and in the methods used to achieve their objectives.
Fairtrade targets disadvantaged communities and producer organisations, to enable them to improve their position in international trade and have more control over their own lives. Fairtrade works in partnership with producers to help them build their skills and capacity to trade more effectively. Fairtrade guarantees producers fairer terms of trade by directly enhancing income and market access. On top of the Fairtrade minimum price, the Fairtrade labelling system guarantees a premium for farmer organizations or plantation worker committees to enable them to invest in social, economic or environmental improvements.
The term ‘Ethical Trade’ (often but not exclusively used to refer to the aim of the Ethical Trade Initiative (ETI) - a partnership of UK high street companies, non-governmental organisations, and trade unions, with support from the UK government) attempts to ensure that decent minimum labour standards are met and companies work towards the observation of local labour legislation and internationally recognised labour standards at all stages in their supply chain.

It is often based on standards laid down in Conventions agreed under the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and promotes the implementation of codes of conduct embodying these ILO standards, backed up by monitoring and independent verification to give confidence to the consumer.
Fairtrade differs centrally from ethical trading in that its primary focus is on improving trading relationships as a tool for development of the world’s most marginalised farmers and workers.

 Fairtrade and Organic
As some Fairtrade certified products are also organic certified, the two schemes are sometimes confused and there are calls for organic and Fairtrade labels to merge. The two systems are complementary and many producers benefit from both, but there are also important differences.
- Organic standards aim to produce food and non-food with minimum environmental impact, but they do not stipulate any particular social forms of production. Crucially, they do not seek to empower producers, build capacity or guarantee prices as enshrined in Fairtrade standards .
- Fairtrade standards have a social goal: they are primarily designed to ensure that producers in developing countries can gain more control over their lives. Environmental conditions are also important in Fairtrade but producers who are unable to meet organic standards are not excluded.
 Fairtrade and “fairly traded”
Fair trade organisations market a much wider range of products than are covered by FLO standards - which restricts their eligibility to carry the FAIRTRADE Mark. It has always been recognised that in order to encourage mainstream trade to adopt fair trade principles, it is necessary to have specific and transparent criteria and standards that can clearly denote a product as ‘fair trade’. Products that carry the FAIRTRADE Mark provide an ‘on pack’ guarantee that a product has been produced and sold in accordance with internationally agreed Fairtrade standards. Members of IFAT (The International Fair Trade Association) adhere to voluntary codes of conduct that share many of the principles of Fairtrade labelling.
8. Useful Contacts
Fairtrade Labelling Organisations International (FLO) www.fairtrade.net

International Fair Trade Association (IFAT) www.ifat.org

Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI) www.ethicaltrade.org

British Association of Fair Trade Shops (BAFTS) www.bafts.org.uk

Pesticide Action Network www.pan-uk.org

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